Antigenic targets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the management of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but most patients still do not receive a long-term benefit from these therapies, and many experience off-target, immune-related adverse effects. RCC is also different other ICI-responsive tumors, as it has only modest mutation burden, total neoantigen load does correlate with ICI response. In order to improve efficacy safety immunotherapies for RCC, therefore critical identify antigens that are targeted in effective anti-tumor immunity. this review, we describe potential classes target antigens, provide examples previous ongoing efforts investigate focus on clear histology. Ultimately, believe concerted antigen discovery effort will enable an improved understanding response resistance current lay foundation future development “precision” antigen-directed immunotherapies.